KALI (electron accelerator)
The KALI (K ilo A mpere Linear Injector) is a linear electron
accelerator being developed in India, by the Defence
Research Development Organization (DRDO) and the
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). It is not a laser
weapon as commonly believed.
Overview
The KALI is not a laser but a particle accelerator It emits
powerful pulses of electrons (Relativistic Electron Beams-REB). Other components in the machine down the line convert the electron energy into EM Radiation, which can be adjusted to x-ray (as Flash X-Rays) or microwave (High
Power Microwave) frequencies.This has fueled hopes that the KALI could, one day be used in a High-Power Microwave gun, which could destroy incoming missiles and aircraft through soft-kill (destroying
the electronic circuitry on the missile). However, weaponising such a system has many obstacles to
overcome.
History
The KALI project was first mooted in 1985 by the then Director of the BARC, Dr. R. Chidambaram . Work on the
Project began in 1989, being developed by the Accelerators & Pulse Power Division of the BARC. (Dr. Chidambaram
was also the Scientific advisor the Prime Minister, and the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission). DRDO is also involved with this project. It was initially developed for industrial applications, although defence applications became clearer later.
The first accelerators had a power of ~0.4GW, which increased as later versions were developed. These were the
KALI 80, KALI 200, KALI 1000, KALI 5000 and KALI 10000.
The KALI-5000 was commissioned for use in late 2004.
Design
The KALI series (KALI 80, KALI 200, KALI 1000, KALI 5000
and KALI 10000) of accelerators are described as "Single Shot Pulsed Gigawatt Electron Accelerators".
They are single shot devices, using water filled capacitors to build the
charge energy. The discharge is in the range of 1GW.
Initially starting with 0.4GW power, present accelerators are able to reach 40GW. Pulse time is about 60 ns.
The Microwave radiations emitted by the KALI-5000 are in the 3–5 GHz Range
The KALI-5000 is a pulsed accelerator of 1 MeV electron energy, 50-100 ns pulse time, 40kA Current and 40 GW
Power level. The system is quite bulky as well, with the KALI-5000 weighing 10 tons, and the KALI-10000,
weighing 26 tons. They are also very power hungry, and require a cooling tank of 12,000 liters of oil. Recharging
time is also too long to make it a viable weapon in itspresent form.
Applications
The KALI has been put to various uses by the DRDO. The DRDO was involved in configuring the KALI for their use. The X-rays emitted are being used in Ballistics research as an illuminator for ultrahigh speed photography by the Defence Ballistics Research Institute (DBRL) in Chandigarh.
The Microwave emissions are used for EM Research.The microwave-producing version of Kali has also been used by the DRDO scientists for testing the vulnerability of the electronic systems of the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA),
which was then under development.
It has also helped in designing electrostatic shields to"harden" the LCA and missiles from microwave attack by the enemy as well as protecting satellites against deadly electromagnetic Impulses (EMI) generated by nuclear weapons and other cosmic disturbances, which "fry" and destroy electronic circuits. Electronic components currently used in missiles can withstand fields of approx. 300 V/cm,while the fields in case of EMI attack reach thousands of V/
cm.
As a Weapon
The KALI's potential for a military role as a beam weapon
has made it, in the eyes of China, a threat. However,
weaponisation of the KALI will take some time. The system
is still under development, and efforts are being made to
make it more compact as well as improve its recharge
time, which, at the present, makes it only a single use
system. There are also issues with creating a complete system,
which would require development of many more components. There have been reports of placing the weaponized KALI in an Il-76 aircraft as an airborne defence system. There is also speculation of using the KALI as an
anti-satellite weapon and as a space-based weapon system, although it is unlikely that they would be
implemented, given India's stance on those issues.
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